All Issue

2022 Vol.13, Issue 2 Preview Page

General Article

Effect of low molarity alkaline solution on the compressive strength of fly ash based geopolymer concrete
Tan Shea Qin1*
,
Nor Hasanah Abdul Shukor Lim2
,
Teng Zhang Jun1
,
Nur Farhayu Ariffin3
1Postgraduate Student, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
2Senior Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
3Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author
30 June 2022. pp. 155-164
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

The escalating of cement production had significant effect on greenhouse gases emission, thus innovation of geopolymer concrete is crucial to reduce the environmental impacts. Besides, high concentration of alkaline solution not only exhibits corrosive nature, but also increases the cost of construction. Therefore, this research studies the engineering properties and effect of elevated temperature on fly ash-based geopolymer concrete using low molarity alkaline solution. The alkaline solution used in this research is sodium hydroxide (NaOH) combines with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) with different molarity of 2M, 4M and 10M. The binder to solution ratio of 0.45, NaOH mixed with Na2SiO3 at mass ratio of 2.5 and binder to aggregates with proportion of 1:3 was fixed. Test specimens was prepared and tested at the age of 3, 7 and 28 days. Results show that with reduced alkaline solution molarity, the compressive strength reduced by 45 and 55% for geopolymer with 4M and 2M, respectively. However, the compressive strength exhibits are within the normal strength geopolymer concrete with comparable density and workability. Therefore, it can be concluded that low molarity geopolymer concrete can be applied in construction due to more environmentally friendly and lower cost.

Keywords
geopolymer concrete
alkaline molarity
elevated temperature
compressive strength
References
1
R.M. Andrew, Global CO2 emissions from cement production, 1928-2018. Earth System Science Data. 11(4) (2019), pp. 1675-1710. 10.5194/essd-11-1675-2019
2
M. Serdar, D. Bjegovic, N. Stirmer, and I. Banjad Pecur, Alternative binders for concrete: opportunities and challenges. Future Trends in Civil Engineering. (2019), pp. 200-218. 10.5592/CO/FTCE.2019.09
3
J. Davidovits, Properties of Geopolymer Cements. Proceedings First International Conference on Alkaline Cements and Concretes. (1994), pp. 131-149.
4
R. Parshwanath, M. Nataraja, and N. Lakshmanan, An introduction to geopolymer concrete. Indian Concrete Journal. 85 (2011), pp. 25-28.
5
S.S. Amritphale, P. Bhardwaj, and R. Gupta, Advanced Geopolymerization Technology. Advanced Geopolymerization Technology, Geopolymers and Other Geosynthetics. (2019).
6
G. Jayarajan and S. Arivalagan, An experimental studies of geopolymer concrete incorporated with fly-ash & GGBS. Materials Today: Proceedings. 45 (2021), pp. 6915-6920. 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.285
7
A.H. Sevinç and M.Y. Durgun, Properties of high-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concretes improved with high-silica sources. Construction and Building Materials. 261 (2020), 120014. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120014
8
W. Wongkeo, S. Seekaew, and O. Kaewrahan, Properties of high calcium fly ash geopolymer lightweight concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings. 17 (2019), pp. 1423-1430. 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.163
9
F.N. Okoye, J. Durgaprasad, and N.B. Singh, Fly ash/Kaolin based geopolymer green concretes and their mechanical properties. Data in Brief. 5 (2015), pp. 739-744. 10.1016/j.dib.2015.10.02926693505PMC4659805
10
A.B. Malkawi, M.F. Nuruddin, A. Fauzi, H. Almattarneh, and B.S. Mohammed, Effects of alkaline solution on properties of the HCFA geopolymer mortars. Procedia Engineering. 148 (2016), pp. 710-717. 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.581
11
G.S. Ryu, Y.B. Lee, K.T. Koh, and Y.S. Chung, The mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with alkaline activators. Construction and Building Materials. 47 (2013), pp. 409-418. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.069
12
H.Y. Zhang, G.H. Qiu, V. Kodur, and Z.S. Yuan, Spalling behavior of metakaolin-fly ash based geopolymer concrete under elevated temperature exposure. Cement and Concrete Composites. 106 (2020). 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.103483
13
H.Y. Zhang, V. Kodur, B. Wu, L. Cao, and F. Wang, Thermal behavior and mechanical properties of geopolymer mortar after exposure to elevated temperatures. Construction and Building Materials. 109 (2016), pp. 17-24. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.043
14
P. Nuaklong, P. Jongvivatsakul, T. Pothisiri, V. Sata, and P. Chindaprasirt, Influence of rice husk ash on mechanical properties and fire resistance of recycled aggregate high-calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production. 252 (2020), 119797. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119797
15
P.K. Sarker, S. Kelly, and Z. Yao, Effect of fire exposure on cracking, spalling and residual strength of fly ash geopolymer concrete. Materials & Design. 63 (2014), pp. 584-592. 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.06.059
16
M.M. Girawale, Effect's of alkaline solution on geopolymer concrete. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science. 3(4) (2015), pp. 848-853.
17
A. Abdullah, M.M. Al Bakri Abdullah, K. Hussin, and M.F.M. Tahir, Effect of different sintering temperature on fly ash based geopolymer artificial aggregate. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1835 (2017). 10.1063/1.4981872
18
S.F.A. Abdullah, Y.M. Liew, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, C.Y. Heah, and K. Zulkifly, The effect of aggregate content on the expanded lightweight aggregate geopolymer concretes. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2045 (2018). 10.1063/1.5080910
19
P. Darvish, U. Johnson Alengaram, Y. Soon Poh, S. Ibrahim and S. Yusoff, Performance evaluation of palm oil clinker sand as replacement for conventional sand in geopolymer mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 258 (2020). 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120352
20
M. Priyanka, M. Karthikeyan, and M.S.R. Chand, Development of mix proportions of geopolymer lightweight aggregate concrete with LECA. in Materials Today: Proceedings. Elsevier Ltd., (2020), pp. 958-962. 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.271
21
M.Y.J. Liu, U.J. Alengaram, M. Santhanam, M.Z. Jumaat, and K.H. Mo, Microstructural investigations of palm oil fuel ash and fly ash based binders in lightweight aggregate foamed geopolymer concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 120 (2016), pp. 112-122. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.076
22
W. Abbas, W. Khalil, and I. Nasser, Production of lightweight Geopolymer concrete using artificial local lightweight aggregate. MATEC Web of Conferences. 162 (2018), pp. 1-8. 10.1051/matecconf/201816202024
23
W.I. Khalil, W.A. Abbas, and I.F. Nasser, Mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of lightweight geopolymer concrete. 1st International Scientific Conference of Engineering Sciences - 3rd Scientific Conference of Engineering Science, ISCES 2018 - Proceedings. IEEE, 2018-Janua, (2018), pp. 175-180. 10.1109/ISCES.2018.834054930324142PMC6185925
24
F. Ameri, P. Shoaei, S.A. Zareei, and B. Behforouz, Geopolymers vs. alkali-activated materials (AAMs): A comparative study on durability, microstructure, and resistance to elevated temperatures of lightweight mortars. Construction and Building Materials. Elsevier Ltd, 222 (2019), pp. 49-63. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.079
25
F. Ameri, S.A. Zareei, and B. Behforouz, Zero-cement vs. cementitious mortars: An experimental comparative study on engineering and environmental properties. Journal of Building Engineering. 32 (2020). 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101620
26
L.Y.U.N. Ming, A.V. Sandu, H.C. Yong, Y. Tajunnisa, S.F. Azzahran, R. Bayuji, M.M.A.B. Abdullah, P. Vizureanu, K. Hussin, T.S. Jin, and F.K. Loong, Compressive strength and thermal conductivity of fly ash geopolymer concrete incorporated with lightweight aggregate, expanded clay aggregate and foaming agent. Revista de Chimie, 70(11) (2019), pp. 4021-4028. 10.37358/RC.19.11.7695
27
E. Mohseni, M.J. Kazemi, M. Koushkbaghi, B. Zehtab, and B. Behforouz, Evaluation of mechanical and durability properties of fiber-reinforced lightweight geopolymer composites based on rice husk ash and nano- alumina. Construction and Building Materials. Elsevier Ltd, 209 (2019), pp. 532-540. 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.067
28
I.F. Nasser, W.I. Khalil, and W.A. Abbas, Strength and thermal conductivity of geopolymer pervious concrete made from artificial lightweight aggregate. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 737(1) (2020). 10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012074
29
N. Swaminathan, N.S. Elangovan, and J. Anandan, Experimental study on the strength of lightweight geopolymer concrete with eco-friendly material. Gradjevinar. 72(6) (2020), pp. 523-532. 10.14256/JCE.2406.2018
30
M.A.M. Ariffin, M.W. Hussin, and M.A.R. Bhutta, Mix design and compressive strength of geopolymer concrete containing blended ash from agro-industrial wastes. Advanced Materials Research. 339(1) (2011), pp. 452-457. 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.339.452
31
ASTM C 597. Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. 83(C), (2002) pp. 3-6.
32
B.S.I. Standards, Testing concrete - compressive strength of concrete cubes. British Standard Institution. (1) (1983), pp. 1-10.
33
A.M. Mustafa, A. Bakri, H. Kamarudin, M. Bnhussain, I.K. Nizar, A.R. Rafiza, and Y. Zarina, Microstructure of different NaOH molarity of fly ash- based green polymeric cement. Journal of Engineering and Technology Research. 3(2) (2011), pp. 44-49.
34
ASTM Standards C618. Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use. Annual Book of ASTM Standards. (2015), pp. 3-6.
35
B.S.K.R.J. Varaprasad and K.N.K. Reddy, Strength and workability of low lime fly-ash based geopolymer concrete. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 3(12) (2010). 10.17485/ijst/2010/v3i12.11
Information
  • Publisher :Sustainable Building Research Center (ERC) Innovative Durable Building and Infrastructure Research Center
  • Publisher(Ko) :건설구조물 내구성혁신 연구센터
  • Journal Title :International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development
  • Volume : 13
  • No :2
  • Pages :155-164
  • Received Date : 2022-03-02
  • Accepted Date : 2022-04-26
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.22712/susb.20220013
Journal Informaiton International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development
Online Submission
  • scopus
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • KISTI Current Status
  • KISTI Cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close