Introduction

Industrial estates, industrial facilities, and infrastructure, which emerged as a result of the city’s industrialization and deindustrialization process, remained in the declining city and were recognized as the same value as the hideous object of removal in the urban landscape, but in modern times, cases of recognizing their value and recycling them to expand their value are increasing. These cases have defined the term “Industrial Heritage” and advanced studies have emerged. They recognize industrial heritage as a symbol of the region, a base for new creative industries, and a resource for local industrial re-creation, rather than as a common heritage.

Study on industrial heritage was initially conducted abroad, and later in Korea, where the value of industrial heritage was recognized, leading to research on it as well as efforts in conservation and recycling.

There are three reasons why industrial heritage is discussed in Korea as well. Firstly, in most cases, industrial heritage aligns with local industries that thrived in the region and has a deep connection with the production structure and lifestyle of local people. Industrial heritage represents a regional culture that encompasses the coexistence of modern memories and contemporary life. It serves as a medium of transmission. Secondly, industrial heritage is often classified as registered cultural property or non-cultural property, allowing for significant changes. It can be adapted according to creative ideas and transformed into various forms by blending the raw artificial beauty of industrial facilities with sophisticated modern design. This flexibility arises from the abundant possibilities for creating spaces equipped with. Thirdly, industrial heritage, particularly belonging to brownfields—land abandoned after its function declined—is frequently located in the original city center or port. Hence, it holds infinite potential to unveil new possibilities for regional regeneration, making it an underdeveloped area. It can be appraised as an urban asset with strong potential to revitalize neglected former industrial areas and spaces (facilities) into opportunity assets [1].

The Incheon Inner Harbor, established in 1883, remains in use as a harbor to this day. However, due to various factors such as the opening of new harbors and the relocation of industries, the inner harbor is facing a decline. Currently, discussions on redevelopment are underway, and various master plans are continuously proposed for its revitalization. The inner harbor currently houses industrial facilities and infrastructure used in the harbor industry spread throughout its area. Over time, the harbor has undergone various changes and expansions, including land reclamation projects. As a result, different industries and historical eras are represented within different sections of the harbor. Against this backdrop, this study aims to identify industrial heritage within the Incheon Inner Harbor area, classify each type of industrial heritage based on its value, and propose recycling measures accordingly.

Urban idle space definition

This study proposes a plan for regional regeneration of the target site through the recycling of industrial heritage. The research method first involves examining literature review about the concept and types of industrial heritage. This includes understanding how the concept of industrial heritage is defined in each study. Additionally, after comprehending the methods and types of industrial heritage recycling, methods applicable to the target area are derived. Subsequently, the industrial heritage existing in the target area is identified and applied to propose a regional regeneration method.

Literature Review on the Definition of Industrial Heritage and Recycling

Table 1.

Definition of Industrial Heritage

Before conducting research, it is necessary to first establish and understand the concept of industrial heritage. Therefore, through a literature review, we identify the concept of industrial heritage, re-establish it in this study (Table 1), and then begin the study. Initially, the concept of industrial heritage was established in earnest when the The International Committee for the Conservation of the Industrial Heritage (TICCIH) was formed in 1973, defining it as “historical, technological, social, architectural, scientific, and valuable.” It encompasses spaces associated with industries such as buildings, machinery, workshops, mills/factories, mines, warehouses and storage areas, energy, transportation and infrastructure, as well as spaces related to social activities such as housing, religion, and education.

Among domestic studies, the first study to pay attention to and establish the concept of industrial heritage at a time when the concept of industrial heritage was rare was the study of [2], which collectively refers to the results of the era created before and after the Industrial Revolution. The concept was born, and the existence of industrial heritage among its subordinate concepts was established. In order to discuss full-scale conservation, it is necessary to expand the conceptual scope of industrial heritage. Industrial heritage partially overlaps with cultural properties, and although it mostly belongs to the modern historical environment, it can also be said to include some industrial-related results created in modern times (after the 1960s). Specifically, i) Industrial heritage that has been designated (registered) as a cultural property. ii) industrial heritage that is non-cultural but has conservation value, and iii) industrial heritage that was created after the 1960s but retains strong regional characteristics. In addition, it was mentioned that there is a need to broadly understand the concept of “industry” in industrial heritage, and a broad view of it is to think of it as all industries related to industry, transportation, civil engineering, cities, housing, public, etc. and thus art, It also includes cultural and economic activities in the cultural field. Accordingly, industrial heritage is interpreted broadly and defined as a concept that collectively refers to industrial results and technologies that have contributed to industrialization (modernization), and infrastructure such as canals, railways and ports that supported them.

In addition, in Korea, the term ‘modern industrial heritage’ was officially introduced in the ‘Art Creation Belt Creation Project Utilizing Local Modern Industrial Heritage’ promoted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in 2007, and attempts to culturally utilize industrial heritage began in earnest [3]. [4] noted that as we transition into the post-industrial and information society, one of the challenges many European cities faced is the presence of factories and related infrastructure from the industrialization era, which previously brought prosperity to the city, located in the city center and its outskirts, thereby hindering urban development. These sites needed relocation according to policy, and the redevelopment of closed industrial facilities due to production cessation became a significant local policy issue. in [4], therefore , The term “Industrial Heritage” refers to industrial facilities that have become idle spaces. In [5]’s study, the concept of ‘industrial heritage’ is defined in various ways. Broadly speaking, it encompasses all resources generated during the industrialization process, but to hold value as industrial heritage, it was mentioned that it should possess historical significance, economic viability, spatial distinctiveness, and regional symbolism, thus becoming a specialized asset.

Against the backdrop of the above literature, unused and underused spaces where industrial facilities have gone through the process of deindustrialization are referred to as idle industrial facilities. Additionally, industrial heritage refers to industrial-related results and infrastructure formed and built during the process of modernization and industrialization. It can be seen as a general term for them.

Recycling of Industrial Heritage

1) A Study on the Significance of Industrial Heritage Recycling

[6] mentioned the necessity of industrial heritage recycling as an essential concept for economic revitalization in declining areas along with the concept of resource recycling (Table 2).

[7] classified the value characteristics of industrial heritage into historical, symbolic, economic, and environmental characteristics based on sustainability, and organized and analyzed cases of industrial heritage utilization accordingly to conduct research on sustainable urban regeneration design (Table 3).

2) Methods and Types of Recycling of Industrial Heritage

[8] conducted a study on regional regeneration methodologies through industrial heritage recycling and categorized the regional regeneration patterns and types of industrial heritage recycling methods through industrial heritage recycling by analyzing previous cases, and described what should be identified and considered in proceeding with industrial heritage recycling according to the characteristics of each type (Table 4).

Status of target site (Table 5)

The target area encompasses Piers 1 to 8 of the Incheon Inner Harbor, located in the inland area of Jung-gu, Incheon, as well as the original downtown area within Jung-gu, Incheon, inclusive of it. The Incheon Inner Harbor and its vicinity have served as a hub of industrial activity spanning a significant period, from the harbor’s inception to the present day. With its extensive history, this area is replete with historical and cultural significance. Our objective is to identify and categorize the industrial heritage present throughout this locale, devise utilization plans tailored to the specific site and its surroundings, and propose a design scheme accordingly. A research report titled “An Interpretation of the Historical and Location Value of the Industrial Space of Incheon Inner Port” published by the Incheon Institute delves into the origins of the industrial history inherent in industrial heritage, conducts temporal and spatial analysis of the current industrial ecosystem of the Incheon Inner Port, and examines the historical and locational significance of the Jemulpo Renaissance site from an industrial perspective. By referencing and reconstructing the report we derived industrial heritage suitable for use within the target site, and identified additional industrial heritage that could be utilized.

Table 5.

Target Site Overview

Location	Area of Pier 1 to 8 ininner port, Jung-gu, Incheon
Total area	4.83 ㎢	Harbor	Land: 3.01 ㎢, Sea: 1.82 ㎢
		Surroundig area	1.02 ㎢
Status of Special-Purpose Areas	Quasi-industrial area	94.5%
	General commercial area	3.1%
	Green natural area	1.3%
	Unspecified area	1.1%
Wide Area Location Map

Furthermore, in comprehending Incheon’s industrial heritage, it is imperative to consider not only the modern industrial heritage but also that of the 1960s to 1980s, coinciding with economic growth. Seoul, Busan, and Daejeon define, preserve, manage, and utilize cultural assets that are not designated as cultural assets among “the tangible and intangible things that many citizens have experienced or remembered in the background of the modern region. Consequently, the temporal scope of industrial heritage extends to the relatively recent 1990s. The research report was conducted by dividing the spatial scope of the study into three major areas in consideration of the timing of the reclamation and the timing of the project related to the industry in Incheon, but this study limited the scope to two of the three areas: Inner Port, Open Port District, and Yeonan Port and South Port District. However, Bukseong-dong, an administrative dong included in the Hwasu and Manseok districts, is adjacent to the lock gate of Inner Port, so it should be integrated with the Yeonan Port and South Port District separately.

On the other hand, there are a total of 492 building assets discovered in the [Incheon Basic Survey and Promotion Implementation Plan for architectural Assets] by Incheon in 2019, of which 195 are building assets in Jung-gu, Incheon, which is the target site of this study, 153 structures, 26 infra, and 16 Place. the Place is classified into streets, parks, and building groups, and Chinatown, traditional gardens, Sinpo markets, and art platforms belong to this, and infrastructure is classified as Architectural assets in the form of facilities other than buildings such a Lock gate, Silo, and Cheongil Jogyeji Stairway (Table 6).

Among the above Architectural assets, when identifying Architectural assets that can be regarded as industrial heritage such as factories, warehouses, and business facilities, a total of 50 industrial heritage assets are identified, as shown in the following table (Table 7). According to a survey of architectural assets that can be considered industrial heritage, such as factories, warehouses, business facilities, etc., among the following, there are 36 industrial heritage sites in the form of buildings as factories and warehouse business facilities out of a total of 50. There are three industrial heritage sites corresponding to the Place, such as docks, pier, railroads, markets, and streets, and 11 architectural assets corresponding to infrastructure and structures such as Lock gate, Meteorological Observatory, Broadcasting Tower, and Silo were judged as industrial heritage sites. Additionally, industrial heritage with recyclability was investigated and classified through the building ledger from the perspective of sustainability and location due to the relocation and reduction of the existing industrial facilities (Table 7).

Distribution of Industrial Heritage by District

Industrial heritage is classified by dividing the original Jung-gu Downtown, including the target area and its surroundings, into two areas: Inner Port, Open Port District, Yeonan Port and South Port District (Figure 1).

(1) Inner Port, Open Port District

The Inner Port and Opening Port District is one of the most historic spaces in Incheon, and it has undergone many changes. Accordingly, industrial heritage can be divided into the industrial heritage of the port period and Japanese colonial era, and the industrial heritage related to the port. Small factories have buildings and houses related to rice mills, breweries, and millet factories before liberation, and industrial heritage to support port services such as warehouses, port-related business facilities, and old bank buildings. In addition, as an example of recycling the industrial heritage of the inner port, an art platform, a collection of red brick warehouses, exists (Table 8).

(2) Yeonan Port and South Port District

The coastal port south port district, which has been reclaimed since the 1970s, does not have many old industrial heritage sites, but there are old red brick warehouses and rice mills in the Sinheung-dong area, which was originally a land area. Also, there are coastal passenger terminals, (former) international terminals, and Incheon customs offices related to ports, which can be called industrial heritage (Table 9).

Currently, there are various port-related structures inside Port, including silos of milling plants around Port, oil storage tanks, infrastructure such as Gyeongin Line railways, Suin Line, and Chukhang lines.

Silos, cranes, and lighthouses in the factories around Incheon Port are major structures in the port, showing the industry of the area well. In addition, there are various industrial-related structures such as the Gyeongin Line, Suin Line, Chukhang -lines sites, and oil storage tanks, which are railway facilities that belong to infrastructure, and these are important resources that are highly likely to be utilized as industrial heritage (Table 10).

Table 10.

Industrial heritage, not buildings in Incheon Inner port

Cranes	Site of the Chukhang-line
Samyang-Baker Tank Terminal (1997)	lighthouse

(3) Additional Industrial Heritage

In the space including the target site and the area around the target site, it has been used as an industrial space for a long time through the survey of the building register, and the spaces that are highly likely to be used in the following spaces are as follows (Table 11).

Based on this, the distribution of industrial heritage in each area is as follows (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Distribution of Industrial Heritage by District.

proposal plan

Dock 4 and 5 are spaces in contact with the vast hinterland, coastal port, and inner city Michuhol-gu. Since it is a space with existing port-related facilities, there is a lot of possibility that new industrial spaces and various uses can be used at the time when the existing industry is relocated. It can be proposed as a cultural and tourism industry space using the existing industrial infrastructure, the seafood market distance related to the fisheries industry of the Yeonan Port adjacent to the existing industrial infrastructure, and the waterfront space of the port. Therefore, using large-scale silos and industrial heritage, which are warehouses in docks 4 and 5, it is proposed to divide them into two areas, one adjacent to the Yeonan port and the other adjacent to the Yeonan-dong residential complex and the inner city Michuhol-gu (Figure 2, 3).

Figure 2.

Hinterland of Yeonan port.

Figure 3.

The key map of Korea Express Silo in Pier 5.

Dock 5, which borders the coastal port (Figure 3), proposes to revitalize the region based on remodeling as a cultural complex space using CJ logistics Silo existing in the pier, and Pier 4, which borders the Yeonan-dong residential complex and the inner city Michuhol-gu, proposes a business complex that appears around a new base industry rather than the existing port industry.

1) Recycling of Silo in Pier 5

Currently, there is a silo of Korea Express within Pier 5, and a cultural complex facility that recycled silo is proposed as a way to recycle such large-scale facilities when relocating port-related industries. Silos are often large spaces because their physical characteristics are strong structures in themselves and exist as functions for storage. Using this feature, we propose a design to activate cultural complex facilities with various programs along with Pier 5, the hinterland area, and the adjacent Yeonan port, and the program of the cultural complex space using the silo is as follows (Table 12).

Table 12.

recycling proposal of Korea Express Silo in Pier 5

Purpose	Provision of cultural tourism industry space in connection with existing industrial infra and yeonan port
Program	Type of program	content
	commercial facilities	F&B
	Culture and assembly facilities	art museum
	Culture and assembly facilities	a convention hall
Plan	Korea Express Silo	A bird’s-eye view of the plan

2) Recycling of Large-Were house in Pier 4

Within Pier 4 of Inner Port, there is a warehouse for the Korea Customs and Excise Freedom (General) at Pier 4, and a Huge-scale warehouse used for storage and storage functions is recycled and expanded to propose a district that can foster new industries for job creation, not port industries. This corresponds to the “creation of a convergent future high-tech industrial space,” one of the core strategies of the 2040 Incheon City Basic Plan [9], and the programs of new industries that can be introduced are as follows (Table 13). In addition, the Incheon Institute’s “Incheon City R&D Characteristics and Capacity Building Plan” [10] suggested policy suggestions such as finding R&D projects to promote collaboration among innovative organizations in the region and establishing a dedicated organization to strengthen regional R&D innovation capabilities. As a way to support this, it is proposed to designate the area of Pier 4 in Inner Port as a space that becomes the base area for a new industry in Inner Port, and to recycle existing facilities to provide research institutes and offices used for industry research and development. Among them, the plan to recycle Pier 4, the largest warehouse facility, is as follows.

Table 13.

recycling proposal of huge-were house in Pier 4

Purpose	Proposed space for attracting new industries that can be introduced in the event of port industry extinction
plan	huge warehouse in Pier 4	Plans to recycle the industrial heritage of Pier 4
Industry program expected tobe introduced in the region	the robot industry	SW Convergence Industry
	the bio-industry	Regional R&D Platform
	PAV Industries	Start-up venture business
	he hydrogen industry

3) Recycling of Abandoned Railway Sites on Chukhang Line (Figure 4)

Figure 4.

Railway site of the Chukhang-line in the inner port.

We present a walking path and a complex neighborhood park that connects the context through Port by utilizing a linear open space using the closed railway site of the chukhang-line built in the past for the transport of goods in Port. We propose various types of open space programs that represent the connection, place, and historicity of contexts that appear in the physical form of railroad sites. The proposed space is used as a community facility and neighborhood park for residents (Table 14).

Table 14.

recycling proposal of the Walking Park Program

Purpose	Provision of Open Space and Urban Context through Linear Space Using Abandoned Railway Sites
example	1	a neighborhood park		a linear neighborhood park along the railway site
	2	Community facilities		Creation of various community facilities in connection with neighborhood parks and upper pedestrian paths
Plan	Pedestrian Roads and Complex Neighborhood Park Utilizing the Abandoned Railway Site
	Linear Park Program Type
	GREEN WALK		COMMUNITY GYM		STAIR GARDEN	EXTENDED HIGH-LINE

Conclusions

This study aimed to rejuvenate the old port and downtown area in Jung-gu, Incheon, by repurposing the existing industrial heritage in downtown Incheon. Through the design plan, the study sought to establish a revitalization strategy for each district. Accordingly, the target site was set up as part of Pier 1 to 8 in Inner port, and a survey was conducted on the current status of Jung-gu, including it, and after identifying the Architectural assets existing in Jung-gu, Incheon, industrial heritage was derived and classified among them. Industrial heritage that emerged in the industrial space where deindustrialization took place plays an important role in revealing the location and historicity of the city by its existence, and recycling them to revitalize the declining area is of great value in terms of sustainability, establishment of the city’s identity, and revitalization of the local economy. In the future, it is necessary to re-recognize the value of the city’s industrial heritage rather than demolishing and neglecting it in revitalizing the old port and the downtown, and to use it to plan according to the locational context.