• General Article

    Mechanical and microstructural properties of cementitious concrete containing nanoencapsulated dodecanoic acid with silicon dioxide shell
    Shafiq Ishak, Hyunmin Yang and Hanseung Lee
    Fatty acid based nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) are synthesized via sol-gel process using Dodecanoic acid as the core materials and silicon … + READ MORE
    Fatty acid based nanoencapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) are synthesized via sol-gel process using Dodecanoic acid as the core materials and silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the protection materials. Several amounts of synthesized NEPCMs i.e., 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0% are added into the cement system, and the mechanical, as well as the microstructural properties of the OPC-NEPCMs concrete are evaluated. The compressive and tensile strength results with the addition of 0.5% NEPCMs show a strength reduction of almost 7.9 and 15.6%, respectively, and also a slight reduction by 0.7% in the absorption properties. The addition of 1.0 and 3.0% of NEPCMs show a major reduction of strength, density, and absorption rate. However, with the addition of 3% NEPCMs, the maximum rate of heat and total heat production are reduced by 45% and 55 J/g, respectively. The SEM micrographs demonstrate that there is no leakage occurred and the NEPCMs are still in good conditions. Thus, it may be inferred that these synthesized NEPCMs can be potential material in the construction industry to solve the mass concrete problems and also to be used as thermal comfort materials in the building. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

  • General Article

    New urbanism revisited: A characterization of new town in town of Korea
    Insu Na and Youngsoo You
    In recent years, the design principles of new urbanism (NU) have been adopted for new towns-in town projects for inner city neighborhoods … + READ MORE
    In recent years, the design principles of new urbanism (NU) have been adopted for new towns-in town projects for inner city neighborhoods in Seoul, Korea. Here, ten NU principles were matched to four urban design categories: streets, land use, housing and buildings, and public open spaces. These elements were analyzed for two new neighborhood projects: Sangam Millennium City (SMC) and Wangsimni New Town (WNT). Through these two cases, the applications and implications NU principles are explored. The principles of connectivity, quality architecture and urban design, increased density, green transportation, sustainability, and quality of life were positively and successively adopted for streets, land use, housing and buildings, and public open spaces. The principles of mixed-use and diversity and traditional neighborhood structure were only partially applied in land use, housing and buildings, and public open spaces. It should be note that the walkability principle is intended not for job-housing proximity, but for pedestrian-friendly street design. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

  • General Article

    Efficiency and possibility of data-driven smart cities
    Youngtae Cho, Myungtaek Oh, Shinwon Park and Sanghun Lee
    This is to verify the operability and efficiency of a data-driven smart city by utilizing the urban data. The conceptual association with … + READ MORE
    This is to verify the operability and efficiency of a data-driven smart city by utilizing the urban data. The conceptual association with the information system which has been presented through prior studies and actual cases of the urban operation of smart cities will be identified. Assumptions were “smart cities, associated with urban information systems, are inefficient operation and management” and “efficient urban operation and administration of a smart city will be enabled through analyses of the urban data.” The material of this study is the integrated safety service, implemented in Daejeon, which was examined. This study is differentiated from previous studies in terms of the analyses of event information resulted from actually established practical urban management programs that let this study exceed the limitations of previous studies. The raw data analyzed in this study comprised daily urban information, collected from November 2015 to October 2017. The occurrences of events in the subject area of the case employed for this study were predicted through the ARIMA model. The accuracy of the prediction was determined by a comparison of actual values with predicted values. This will enable the verification of efficient operation and management of data-driven smart cities by exploitation of urban data. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

  • General Article

    Influence of the architectural elements on sunlight hours: Urban form study of residential area in Seoul
    Bumhyun Lee and Seongwoo Nam
    The purpose of this study is to propose a sustainable urban form by discovering the correlation and influence relationship between architectural elements, … + READ MORE
    The purpose of this study is to propose a sustainable urban form by discovering the correlation and influence relationship between architectural elements, which are characteristic of urban form, and sunlight hours. The results of this study are as follows. First, high-density development has a negative impact on securing sunlight. Therefore, it is necessary to consider and approach the urban form in terms of environmental and energy consumption, including the sunlight, not merely toward high-density cities. Second, a residential area with a low obstruction ratio is advantageous for securing sunlight at the same density. As a result of comparing the cases with similar densities, the case of lowering the obstruction ratio by high-rise and the case of lowering the obstruction ratio by low-rise are all appeared. The residential area through high-rise is suitable for the station area and the area where the high-density development is required. Conversely, the model which lowers the obstruction ratio by low-rise is suitable for the area where the maximum height regulation of the building such as the historic urban region of Europe. Third, it was analyzed that the south-facing plate-type layout of apartment complex has the lowest obstruction ratio and secures the most sunlight hours. In particular, the plate type has a high building coverage but a low obstruction ratio, shows to be advantageous to secure sunlight in various forms. On the other hand, the form of enclosed or clustered is disadvantageous and has a negative effect of forming a shadow by adjacent buildings. Regarding the improvement of the legal system, it is considered to regulate the distance from the adjacent buildings as well as the front. Also, it is suggested that the concept of the obstruction ratio should be applied to the setback regulation. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

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    Examining the COVID-19 effects on travel behavior using smart IoT sensors: A case study of smart city planning in Gangnam, Seoul
    Hyekyung Lee, Seungjun Choi and Junfeng Jiao
    The application of IoT in cities is a critical component in constructing a smart city. Seoul Metropolitan Government began installing IoT sensors … + READ MORE
    The application of IoT in cities is a critical component in constructing a smart city. Seoul Metropolitan Government began installing IoT sensors known collectively as S-DoT in 2019. S-DoT collects real-time climate and floating population data. This study aims to introduce a smart city planning application in Seoul, to validate the S-DoT application, and to suggest a research framework for using S-DoT data. We analyzed S-DoT collected floating population data to examine travel behavior, volume, and patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic. The result showed that micro-level spatiotemporal analysis was possible using S-DoT data, and we identified different floating population patterns. The panel regression result that explained the effects of urban factors on the floating population revealed that the degree of COVID-19 seems to impact people’s travel behavior significantly. As more S-DoT technologies are planning to be deployed in Seoul, the city will begin to collect more sophisticated real-time data. However, planners and policymakers should be attentive to the issues and limitations of newly installed S-DoT systems and find better strategies to use S-DoT data. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

  • General Article

    Urban digital twin applications as a virtual platform of smart city
    Seungho Yang and Heechul Kim
    Urban digital twin, which is the application of digital twin technology to cities, is recognized as an opportunity to upgrade urban planning … + READ MORE
    Urban digital twin, which is the application of digital twin technology to cities, is recognized as an opportunity to upgrade urban planning and to develop successful smart cities. This study examines the applications of urban digital twins and their characteristics through an investigation of various cases and existing literature. It listed various applications that can be realized through the urban digital twin platform, and classified them from diverse perspectives for an in-depth understanding of individual items. Subsequently, a total of 40 cases of urban digital twin applications were collected and classified according to criteria, such as subject, service type, spatial scale, and operator and user. In conclusion, the future direction of urban digital twins was discussed from three perspectives: problem-solving, participation platform, and incremental scale-up. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

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    Smart city in urban design
    Jaemin Lee
    This paper surveys the literature on smart cities in urban design. The smart city is the concept of utilizing information communication technology … + READ MORE
    This paper surveys the literature on smart cities in urban design. The smart city is the concept of utilizing information communication technology (ICT) in planning, designing, and managing cities. The domain of smart cities ranges from infrastructure, traffic management, public transportation, public health, urban planning, to governance. The benefits of adopting the advanced ICT in the city include the improved efficiency in city operation and management of assets and infrastructure. Transparent governance promotes civic empowerment and participation. Urban designers slowly began to apply smart city tools and research methods in understanding urban spaces despite the benefits. Application of smart city technologies are tested in various areas in urban design; 1) monitoring people’s use and activity in public space, 2) documenting the physical settings of public space, 3) finding the optimal urban form with environmental simulation, 4) operationalizing people’s perception, and 5) identifying potential space vulnerable for the crime. One of the biggest challenges in introducing smart cities in urban design is the discrepancy between reality and the abstract version of reality from sensors. Since urban design and public space study primarily deals with the quality of place and the social activities in streets, parks, and plazas, validating how the numeric data translates to the quality of environment and user behavior is a necessary next step. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

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    Smart and robust critical chain scheduling for construction projects using buffer extraction
    Namkyoun Kim, Hyosoo Moon, Bosik Son and Moonseo Park
    In the field of construction project planning and management, scheduling is a crucial challenge. Construction projects are always undertaken in an uncertain … + READ MORE
    In the field of construction project planning and management, scheduling is a crucial challenge. Construction projects are always undertaken in an uncertain environment and typically include numerous tasks. Uncertainties may raise the risk of delays, schedule mismatches between actual and desired schedules, and schedule management challenges to support site operations. However, the critical path method (CPM), a commonly employed approach in construction projects, frequently fails to cope with uncertain environments, resulting in project delays. Few studies have attempted to apply critical chain scheduling (CCS) to construction projects, as it is a viable alternative to developing a robust plan utilizing a buffer. They did not, however, reflect the diverse variety of construction activities or the scheduling approaches that are employed in practice. Previous studies adopting CCS for construction projects were insufficient to prove the practical and smart applicability of this method, as they did not account for the degree of uncertainty and the scheduling procedures common to construction projects. Therefore, we conduct a simulation while also applying CCS to construction projects in this study, taking into account a variety of practices. We also assess and analyze schedule performance outcomes in terms of robustness, referring to the smart capacity to deal with uncertainty. To achieve these goals, practitioners responded to a questionnaire to investigate the practices, and a Monte-Carlo simulation model was developed to evaluate schedule performance outcomes. As a result of research, it was proven that when applying CCS to construction projects, numerous uncertainties in construction activity and construction practices should be considered. When reflecting construction practices, we found that the probability of completing the project on time was stable and that buffer consumption patterns fluctuated according to the degree of uncertainty. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

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    Spatial information-based fire risk evaluation in dense obsolete building areas for smart city development: A case study of Daegu metropolitan city
    Seungjun Roh, Jungrim Ryu, Byeunghun Son, Sunwoo Park, Seongryong Ryu and Seungyoup Lee
    Smart cities, whether newly developed or existing, should enable the protection of citizens from various types of disasters. With regard to fire … + READ MORE
    Smart cities, whether newly developed or existing, should enable the protection of citizens from various types of disasters. With regard to fire safety, artificial intelligence algorithms that evaluate fire prone facilities based on spatial information are applied to smart cities. This study analyzed the applicability of fire risk evaluation technologies based on spatial information as core technologies for smart cities. To this end, a fire risk evaluation based on spatial information was performed in an area designated as a target zone for a housing environment improvement project in Daegu, South Korea. The evaluation involved the application of a main fire risk evaluation system consisting of 12 evaluation items. Data was obtained using drones, orthophotos, numerical maps, and building ledgers; the obtained data and a GIS-based fire risk evaluation platform were used to evaluate the level of fire risk in the target area. The evaluation result showed that fire risks according to the unit of a building or a district were effectively evaluated by the application of the spatial information-based fire risk evaluation technology. Furthermore, the application of this technology was shown to enable the effective calculation of scores for each evaluation item. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

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    Thermal and energy performance analysis by varying the density and specific heat for energy program database
    Jun Hong, Sangwoo Lee and Goopyo Hong
    As a representative energy simulation tool in South Korea, ECO2 provides monthly energy consumption data such as heating, cooling, lighting, DHW, and … + READ MORE
    As a representative energy simulation tool in South Korea, ECO2 provides monthly energy consumption data such as heating, cooling, lighting, DHW, and ventilation. To analyze building energy use more accurately, it requires additional information such as density, specific heat, and so on. Regarding this matter, the present study aims to investigate an impact on thermal and energy performance by varying the values of density and specific heat of building materials. For this analysis, a 3rd-floor office building was chosen, which was a reference building from EnergyPlus. By using the EnergyPlus, indoor temperature, and heating and cooling load in the perimeter zone facing the South façade were analyzed by varying the values of density and specific heat of building materials. When varying the values of the density, the indoor temperatures were highly influenced by the outdoor climates and these were decreased as with the decrease in the value of the density. In addition, both heating and cooling loads were highly demanded as the values of the density and specific heat were decreased. Finally, a better understanding of the density and specific heat of building materials through the present study can make building stakeholders to find out the building energy demand and the indoor air temperature distribution more accurately and quantitatively. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

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    A primary study on methodology of 3D construction information model for smart construction
    Jaemyeong Kim and Donghwa Lee
    Many countries around the world are introducing smart construction that improves productivity through automation, informatization, and quality improvement of construction projects. As … + READ MORE
    Many countries around the world are introducing smart construction that improves productivity through automation, informatization, and quality improvement of construction projects. As a key point, a 3D construction information model combining 3D topographic data and design data is required. In this study, the 3D Building information modeling is defined as the most suitable 3D design data for Korea through the current diagnosis of architectural information models mainly used in the design stage. Additionally, the working stages of a 3D construction information model are categorized, and the technology, equipment, and data currently applicable are analyzed in a step by step method, whereas the design stages are also defined. Since the current 3D construction information model is not clearly defined, the method proposed in this study is expected to contribute to the development of questions and related technologies in the actual application process. - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021

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    Sustainable housing programs for improving ger areas in ulaanbaatar: Using multi-criteria decision analysis approach
    Saruul Ishdorj, Moonseo Park, Minhyuk Jung and Bosik Son
    The majority of Ulaanbaatar’s population has been living in poor housing areas called Ger areas (GA) for the last two decades. Housing … + READ MORE
    The majority of Ulaanbaatar’s population has been living in poor housing areas called Ger areas (GA) for the last two decades. Housing programs and implementations for GA have been a vain effort since the early 2000s. In this study, the crucial need to improve the current housing program directions and investigate sustainable housing programs for GA is explored. This paper aims to recommend proper housing programs and sustainable direction priorities to solve GA housing issues. To achieve this objective, among the multicriteria decision analysis, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluations (PROMETHEE) were integrated and used. Incorporation of these two approaches enables a careful evaluation of the program alternatives which their features detect, and provides rankings. The results show that considering the overall criteria, joint redevelopment (JRD) is the preferred program over multi-help housing (MHH), social housing (SH), new settlement (NS), and public rental housing (PRH). - COLLAPSE
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    31 December 2021
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